Keywords
masculinity
redistribution
family-friendly policies
paternity leave
How to Cite
Abstract
Gender inequality in the workplace is rooted in patriarchal norms within families, institutions, and states. Gender roles exclude women from job opportunities, promotions, equal income, and more. Care work, associated with women, often forces them to choose between a career and family caregiving. However, a feminist perspective advocates for the redistribution of care work involving men. This research emphasizes the importance of changing men’s understanding and practices in care work to achieve gender equality in the workforce. Through in-depth interviews, the study critiques and synthesizes challenges in care work redistribution, shares successful practices, and recommends practical and conceptual suggestions to ensure men’s involvement in caregiving within the workplace context.
References
Ariyani, D. 2017. “Paternity Leave (Cuti Ayah): Apa, Bagaimana, dan Untuk Apa?”, YINYANG Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak, Vol. 12(2), hlm. 351--366. DOI:10.24090/yinyang.v12i2.2017.pp351-366.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2023. “Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Menurut Jenis Kelamin 2018”, bps.go.id, diakses pada 23 November 2023, di https://www.archive.bps.go.id/indicator/40/2200/3/ tingkat-partisipasi-angkatan-kerja-menurut-jenis-kelamin.html.
Becker, P. E. & Moen, P. 1999. “Scaling Back: Dual-earner Couples’ Work-family Strategies”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 61(4), hlm. 995–1007. https://doi.org/10.2307/354019.
Bianchi, S. M., Sayer, L. C., Milkie, M. A., & Robinson, J. P. 2012. “Housework: Who Did, Does or Will Do It, and How Much Does It Matter?”, Social Forces; A Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation, Vol. 91(1), hlm. 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/ sos120.
Bülhmann, F., Elcheroth, G., & Tettamanti, M. 2010. “The Division of Labour among European Couples: the Effects of Life Course and Welfare Policy on Value–practice Configurations”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 26(1), hlm. 49--66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ esr/jcp004.
Bittman, M. et al. 2003. “When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargaining and Time in Household Work”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 109(1), hlm. 186--214. https://doi.org/10.1086/378341.
Butler, J. 2004. Undoing Gender. Routledge: New York.
Cameron, L., Contreras S. D., and Rowell, W. 2018. “Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has It Stalled”, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Vol. 55(2), hlm. 157–192.
Chodorow, N. 1978. “Mothering, Object-Relations, and the Female Oedipal Configuration”, Feminist Studies, Vol. 4 (1), hlm. 137. https:// doi.org/10.2307/3177630.
Collins, P. H. & Bilge, S. 2016. Intersectionality. John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey.
Cunningham, M. 2007. “Influences of Women’s Employment on the Gendered Division of Household Labor Over the Life Course: Evidence From a 31-Year Panel Study”, Journal of family issues, Vol. 28(3), hlm. 422–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06295198.
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI). 2022. Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Kesejahteraan Ibu dan Anak (RUU KIA).
Durrer, S. 2019. “Gender Equality in Switzerland”, ohchr.org, diakses pada 19 Desember 2023, di https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/ files/Documents/Issues/Development/SR/visit-to-switzerland/ foge_GE.pdf.
Gheaus, A. & Robeyns, I. 2011. “Equality-Promoting Parental Leave”, Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol. 42, hlm. 173--191. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2011.01525.x.
Halim, D., Johnson, H., & Perova, E. 2017. “Could Childcare Services Improve Women’s Labor Market Outcomes in Indonesia?”, East Asia and Pacific Gender Policy Brief No. 1, diakses pada 19 Desember 2023, di https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/855851490958133680/pdf/113927-BRI-PUBLIC-EAP-abstract-sent.pdf.
hooks, b. 2015. Feminism is for Everybody. Routledge: New York.
Hook, J. L. 2006. “Care in Context: Men’s Unpaid Work in 20 Countries, 1965–2003”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 71(4), hlm. 639--660. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100406.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2000. “C183 - Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183)”, diakses pada 11 Desember 2023, di https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/ en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:55:0:::55:P55_TYPE,P55_LANG,P55_ DOCUMENT,P55_NODE:REV,en,C183,/Document.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2014. “Extending Childcare Services to Workers in the Informal Economy: Policy Lessons from Country Experiences”, diakses pada 23 November 2023, di https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/ documents/genericdocument/wcms_737555.pdf.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2021. “ILO Global Care Policy Portal”, diakses pada 19 Desember 2023, di https://www.ilo. org/globalcare/?language=en#home.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2022. “Perawatan pada Pekerjaan di Indonesia Berinvestasi pada Cuti dan Layanan Perawatan untuk Dunia Kerja yang Lebih Setara Gender”, diakses pada 13 November 2023, di https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/ wcms_867840.pdf.
Johansson, T. 2011. “Fatherhood in Transition: Paternity Leave and Changing Masculinities”, Journal of Family Communication, Vol. 11(3), hlm. 165--180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2011.56 1137.
Kamerman, S. B. & Moss, P. (Eds.). 2009. The Politics of Parental Leave Policies: Children, Parenting, Gender and the Labour Market (1st ed.). Bristol University Press: UK. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgmq0.
Lachance-Grzela, M. & Bouchard, G. 2010. “Why Do Women Do the Lion’s Share of Housework? A Decade of Research”, Sex Roles, Vol. 63, hlm. 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9797-z.
Mason, E. 2022. Feminist Philosophy. Routledge: New York.
Moss, P. 2015. “There are Alternatives! Contestation and Hope in Early Childhood Education”, Global Studies of Childhood, Vol. 5(3), hlm. 226--238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610615597130.
Moss, P. & Deven, F. 2015. “Leave Policies in Challenging Times: Reviewing the Decade 2004–2014”, Community, Work & Family, Vol. 18(2), hlm. 137--144, DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2015.1021094.
Oakley, A. 2018. The Sociology of Housework. Bristol University Press: United Kingdom.
O’brien, M. & Wall, K. 2017. Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality Fathers on Leave Alone. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Okin, S. M. 1989. “Justice, Gender, and the Family”, Hypatia, Vol. 8 (1), hlm. 209--214, https://doi.org/10.1111/S0887536700005584.
Peutere, L., Rautava, P., & Virtanen, P. 2017. “Domestic Responsibilities as Predictors of Labour Market Attachment Trajectories in Men and Women”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 37(9/10), hlm. 536--554. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJSSP-04-2016-0039.
Peutere, L., Rosenström, T., Koskinen, A., Härmä, M., Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Ervasti, J., & Ropponen, A. 2021. “Length of Exposure to Long Working Hours and Night Work and Risk of Sickness Absence: A Register-based Cohort Study”, BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 21(1), hlm. 1199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07231-4.
Pleck, J. H. 1985. Working Wives, Working Husbands. Sage: Beverly Hills, CA.
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 52 Tahun 2009 tentang Perkembangan Kependudukan dan Pembangunan Keluarga.
Ruddick, S. 1983. “Pacifying the Forces: Drafting Women in the Interests of Peace”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society Women and Violence, Vol. 8(3), hlm. 471--89. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3173948>.
Schouten, G. 2017. “Citizenship, Reciprocity, and the Gendered Division of Labor: A Stability Argument for Gender Egalitarian Political Interventions”, Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Vol. 16 (2), hlm. 174--209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X15600830.
Schouten, G. 2019. Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor. Oxford University Press: New York.
Singley, S. & Hynes, K. 2005. “Transitions to Parenthood: Work-Family Policies, Gender, and the Couple Context”, Gender & Society, Vol. 19(3), hlm. 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204271515.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2023. “Supporting Equal Parenting: Paid Parental Leave”, oecd-ilibrary.org, diakses pada 19 Desember 2023, di https://www. oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/8f056391-en/index.html?itemId=/content/ component/8f056391-en.
Tong, R. 2009. Feminist Thought. Routledge: USA.
Van der Gaag, N. et al. 2023. ”State of the World’s Fathers 2023 Centering Care in a World in Crisis”, equimundo.org, diakses pada 3 Oktober 2023, di https://www.equimundo.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/07/State-of-the-Worlds-Fathers-2023.pdf.
Wall, K. & Leitão, M. 2017. “Fathers on Leave Alone in Portugal: Lived Experiences and Impact of Forerunner Fathers” dalam O’Brien, M., Wall, K. (Eds.), “Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality Fathers on Leave Alone”, Life Course Research and Social Policies, Vol. 6, hlm. 45--67. Switzerland: Springer Open: Switzerland. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-42970-0_4.
World Bank. 2020. Indonesia Country Gender Assessment:Investing in Opportunities for Women. World Bank: Washington DC.
World Bank. 2022. “Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men”, worldbank.org, diakses pada 23 November 2023, di https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/01/nearly-2-4-billion-women-globally-don-t-have-same-economic-rights-as-men.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Perempuan