Keywords
capitalism
social reproduction
waithood
How to Cite
Abstract
The construction of unpaid care work as the responsibility of women has contributed to the emergence of the postponing marriage phenomenon (waithood) among youth, especially women. On the other hand, care work is an integral part of the reproductive workforce, related to productive work. Furthermore, care work also contributes to reproducing the workforce in serving the interests of capital accumulation. The mechanization of women’s roles in creating a workforce surplus makes women work excessively and hinders economic access. It argues that the financial pressures and the burden of work indirectly lead to the delayed marriage phenomenon. This financial pressure and the burden of care work indirectly contribute to the postponement of marriage. This study adopts a perspective of Social Reproduction Theory by utilizing qualitative research methods and a literature study approach. This study analyzes the relationship between capitalism, care work, and the recent phenomenon of waithood. The results indicate that women have been supporting the workforce through their care work, and this occurs systemically as a consequence of the capitalist system, which has led to the postponement of women’s marriages.
References
Andita, L. 2017. “Generasi Milenial Cenderung Menunda Pernikahan”, femina.co.id, diakses pada 30 Oktober 2023 pukul 22.03 WIB, di https://www.femina.co.id/sex-relationship/generasi-millennial-cenderung-menunda-pernikahan.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2022. “Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Menurut Jenis Kelamin (Persen), 2020--2022”, diakses pada 15 November 2023, di https://pagaralamkota.bps.go.id/ indicator/6/384/1/tingkat-partisipasi-angkatan-kerja-menurut-jenis-kelamin.html.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2023. “Jumlah Penduduk Berumur 10 Tahun ke Atas menurut Kelompok Umur, Jenis Kelamin, dan Status Perkawinan, INDONESIA, 2022”, diakses pada 17 November 2023, di https://sensus.bps.go.id/topik/tabular/sp2022/193/0/0.
Bhattacharya, T., Fraser, N., Mohandesi, S., & Teitelman, E. 2017. Social Reproduction Theory, Remaping Class, Recentering Oppression. Pluto Press: London
Charmes, J. 2022. “Variety and Change of Patterns in the Gender Balance between Unpaid Care-Work, Paid Work and Free Time across the World and over Time: A Measure of Wellbeing?” Wellbeing, Space and Society, Vol. 3(February). DOI: 10.1016/j.wss.2022.100081.
Cameron, P. 2014. Relationship Problems and Money: Women Talk about Financial Abuse. WIREWomen’s Information: West Melbourne.
Chisholm, J. F. 1999. “The Sandwich Generation”, Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, Vol. 8(3), hlm. 177--191. https://doi. org/10.1023/A:1021368826791.
Duffy, M., Albelda, R., & Hammonds, C. 2013. “Counting Care Work: The Empirical and Policy Applications of Care Theory”, Social Problems, Vol. 60(2), hlm. 145–67. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2013.11051.
Day, C. & Evans, R. 2015. “Caring Responsibilities, Change and Transitions in Young People’s Family Lives in Zambia”, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 46(1) , hlm. 137–52, diakses pada 17 November 2023, di https://www.jstor.org/stable/43613105.
Durham, D. 2021. “Adulting and Waiting: Doing, Feeling and Being in Late Capitalism”, Sosyoloji Dergisi, Issue 41-42, hlm. 1--23, diakses pada 17 November, di https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sosder/ issue/65879/1028091.
Elson, D. 2017. “Recognize, Reduce, and Redistribute Unpaid Care Work: How to Close the Gender Gap”, New Labor Forum, Vol. 26(2), hlm. 52–61. DOI: 10.1177/1095796017700135.
Engels, F. & Untermann, E. 2021. “The Origin of The Family, Private Property and The State”, Politics and Kinship: A Reader, Vol. 217(23). DOI: 10.4324/9781003003595-17.
Federici, S. 2009. Caliban and The Witch; Women, The Body and Primitive Accumulation. Third edit. Autonomedia: New York.
Federici, S. 2020. Beyond the Periphery of the Skin: Rethinking, Remaking, and Reclaiming the Body in Contemporary Capitalism. PM press: New York.
Felt, L. F. & Sinclair. P. R. 1992. “Everyone Does It: Unpaid Work in a Rural Peripheral Region”, Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 6(1), hlm. 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001709261003.
Ferguson, S. 2020. Women and Work; Feminism, Labour, and Social Reproduction. edited by F. Publication. Pluto Press: New York.
Fernandes, M., Lupo, L., Benya, A., Dedeoglu, S., Mezzadri, A., & Prügl, E. 2023. “Social Reproduction, Women’s Labour and Systems of Life: A Conversation”, Dialogues in Human Geography. doi: 10.1177/20438206231177072.
Hasan, A. M. 2019. “Waithood’ & Mengapa Jomblo Usia 30-an Kini Jadi Fenomena Global”, diakses pada 30 Oktober 2023 pukul 21.30 WIB, di https://tirto.id/waithood-mengapa-jomblo-usia-30-an-kini-jadi-fenomena-global-dd5V.
Hitchings, E. & Douglas, G. 2023. “Many Divorcees end up with nothing or only Debt after Divorce – New Study”, The Conversation, diakses pada 22 November 2023 pukul 07.56 WIB, di https:// theconversation.com/many-divorcees-end-up-with-nothing-or-only-debt-after-divorce-new-study-216665.
Inhorn, M. C. & Smith-Hefner, N. C. 2021. Waithood; Gender, Education, and Global Delay in Marriage and Childbearing. Berghahn: New York.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2019. Care Work and Care Jobs for The Future of Decent Work. ILO: Geneva.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2022. “Pernyataan Sikap Hari Perempuan Internasional 2022 - Industri Garmen Indonesia Perangi Ketidaksetaraan Gender dan Berdayakan Pekerja Perempuan”, diakses pada tanggal 30 Oktober 2023 pukul 16.25 WIB, di https://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_839061/ lang--en/index.htm.
Irawaty, D. 2017. “Pekerja Rumah Tangga di Antara Paradoks Politik Gender dan Politik Developmentalisme: Studi Kasus dari Indonesia Era Orde Baru”, Jurnal Perempuan, Vol. 22(3), hlm. 4–5. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.34309/jp.v22i3.193.
Jakimow, T., Dewi, K. H., & Siahaan, A. Y. 2019. “The Ethics of Social Care in Indonesia: Women’s Perspectives on Care in Politics, Development and Policy”, Asian Studies Review, Vol. 43(2), hlm. 276. DOI: 10.1080/10357823.2019.1586830.
Kara, H. & Mullings, B. 2023. “Navigating Wait Space in Uncertain Times: Young Women and Precarious Labour in Turkey”, Antipode, Vol. 55(4), hlm. 1047--1067. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12880.
Larastiti, C. 2020. “Sagu dan Krisis Reproduksi Sosial Orang Kaiso”, Jurnal Wacana Transformasi Sosial, Vol. 38.
Lightman, N. & Kevins, A. 2021. “‘Women’s Work’: Welfare State Spending and the Gendered and Classed Dimensions of Unpaid Care”, Gender and Society, Vol. 35(5), hlm. 778–805. DOI: 10.1177/08912432211038695.
Lisnasari, A. 2023. “Pendidikan bagi Perempuan di Pedesaan masih sangat Rendah dan Timpang - Bagaimana Solusinya?”, the Conversation, diakses pada 22 November 2023 pukul 09.36 WIB, di https://theconversation.com/pendidikan-bagi-perempuan-di-pedesaan-masih-sangat-rendah-dan-timpang-bagaimana-solusinya-202747.
Marx, K. 2006. Kapital Vol. 1. Hasta Mitra: Bogor.
Mailoa, M. 2022. “Realita Cuti Melahirkan Ibu Pekerja”, news.detik. com, diakses pada 30 Oktober 2023 pukul 13.23 WIB, di https:// news.detik.com/x/detail/intermeso/20220626/Realita-Cuti- Melahirkan-Ibu-Pekerja/.
Munsch, C. L. 2015. “Her Support, His Support: Money, Masculinity, and Marital Infidelity”, American Sociological Review, Vol 80(3). DOI: 10.1177/0003122415579989.
Mustikasari, W. 2018. Menunda Pernikahan, sebuah Pilihan Hidup Perempuan Masa Kini. Universitas Gajah Mada: Yogyakarta.
Musahwi, M., Anika, M. Z., & Pitriyani, P. 2022. “Fenomena Resesi Seks di Indonesia (Studi Gender Tren ‘Waithood’ pada Perempuan Milenial)”, Equalita: Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak, Vol. 4(2), hlm. 204- -220. DOI: 10.24235/equalita.v4i2.12905.
Polivka, L. J. 2017. “Women and the Crisis of Care in the United States”, Generations, Vol. 41(4), hlm. 29–35, diakses pada 17 November 2023, di https://claudepeppercenter.fsu.edu/women-and-the-crisis-of-care-in-the-united-states/.
Rahayu, R. I. 2017. “Di Mana Situs Penindasan Perempuan dalam Kapitalisme? Eksplorasi Marxisme dalam Reproduksi Tenaga Kerja”, Indoprogress, diakses pada 15 November 2023, di https://indoprogress.com/2017/03/dimana-situs-penindasan-perempuan-dalam-kapitalisme-eksplorasi-marxisme-dalam-reproduksi-tenaga-kerja/.
Ramadhan, A. 2022. “Banyak Pemuda Menunda Nikah, Kenapa Sih?”, kumparan.com, diakses pada 22 November 2023 pukul 09.26 WIB, di https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/banyak-pemuda-menunda-nikah-kenapa-sih-1zWqux1b13r/full.
Rifyana, E. P. 2019. “The Vulnerability of Occupational Health of Women Home Workers: A Study in Labor-Intensive Industries in Penjaringan, North Jakarta”, Jurnal Perempuan, Vol. 24(3), hlm. 177--192, diakses pada 15 Novermber 2023, di https:// indonesianfeministjournal.org/index.php/IFJ/article/view/347/317.
Sinambela, N. M. 2023. “Upah Pekerja Rumah Tangga di RI Minim, Hanya Sekitar Rp 800 ribu - Rp 1,5 Juta”, kumparan.com, diakses pada 15 November 2023, di https://kumparan.com/kumparanbisnis/ upah-pekerja-rumah-tangga-di-ri-minim-hanya-sekitar-rp-800- ribu-rp-1-5-juta-1zh0RVDVVuM.
Singerman, D. 2007. “The Economic Imperatives of Marriage: Emerging Practices and Identities among Youth in the Middle East”, Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper, No. 6. http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.1087433.
Thieme, T. A. 2018. “The Hustle Economy: Informality, Uncertainty and the Geographies of Getting By”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 42(4), hlm. 529–48. DOI: 10.1177/0309132517690039.
Tjandraningsih, I. 2018. “Working, Housekeeping and Organizing: The Patriarchal System in Three Women’s Living Spaces”, Jurnal Perempuan, Vol. 23(4), hlm. 227. DOI: 10.34309/jp.v23i4.273.
Utomo, A. J. 2018. “Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia”, Jurnal Perempuan, Vol. 23(4), hlm. 249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v23i4.274.
Wulandari, R. 2023. “Waithood: Tren Penundaan Pernikahan pada Perempuan di Sulawesi Selatan”, Emik, Vol. 6(1), hlm. 52--67. https:// doi.org/10.46918/emik.v6i1.1712.
Zilanawala, A. 2016. “Women’s Time Poverty and Family Structure: Differences by Parenthood and Employment”, Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 37(3), hlm. 369. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X14542432.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Perempuan