Keywords
violent extremism
faith
ideology.
How to Cite
Abstract
This qualitative study analyzes the involvement of female perpetrators of extreme violence acts and suicide bombings against the modern state as a symbol of their religious enemies. The topic is crucial as it shows the meaningful reasons for female militancy, where women are seen to exceed their gender norms. It is not because they take their own lives but also to bring their children to embrace death in the process of religious-based violent extremism. This article opposes the idea of gender in binary opposition as female and male, but rather see it as a range of gender spectrum. The understanding of the main symbolic structures here is crucial as it is capable of dismantling aspects that temporarily limit gender roles. At the same time, what they are doing is constructing new ideas that “God do not see you in someone appearance” included their gender, but rather their “action”. It is their way to find justification to support extreme violence, although it is against religious teaching.References
Alonso, R & Rey, MG 2007, “The evolution of jihadist terrorism in
Morocco”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 19. No. 4, h.571-592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546550701606580.
Boubaker, A 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Ismalic Maghreb and Algerian
Salafi Networks, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, diakses
pada 6 Agustus 2020, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/
Publications/Detail/?id=132848.
Butler, J 2004, Undoing Gender, Routledge, New York.
Butler, J 1990, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of
Identity, Routledge, New York.
Conway, M & McInerney, L 2008, Jihadi video and auto-radicalisation:
Evidence from an exploratory YouTube study, Paper presented at the
First European Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics,
Esbjerg, diakses pada 4 Agustus 2020, http://doras.dcu.ie/2253/.
Derrida, J & Spivak GC 1997, Of Grammatology, Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore.
Hearne, E & Laiq, N 2010, A new approach? Deradicalization
programs and counterterrorism, International Peace Institute,
diakses pada 9 Desember 2019, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/DigitalLibrary/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=126683.
International Organization for Migration 2017, World Migration
Report 2018, diakses pada 9 Desember 2019, https://www.iom.
int/sites/default/files/country/docs/china/r5_world_migration_
report_2018_en.pdf.
International Crisis Group (ICG) 2013, Tunisia: Violence and the
Salafi challenge, Brussels, diakses pada 9 Desember 2019, http://
www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20
Africa/North%20Africa/Tunisia/137-tunisia-violence-and-thesalafi-challenge.pdf .
Institute for Policy Analysis for Conflict 2017, “The Radicalisation
Indonesian Migrant Workers in Hong Kong”, IPAC Report No. 39,
http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2017/07/IPAC_Report_39.
pdf.
Irianto, S et al. 2005, Perdagangan Perempuan Dalam Jaringan
Pengedaran Narkotika, Yayasan Obor, Jakarta.
Ismail, Noor H (Produser) 2018, film Pengantin, Prasasti Production,
Jakarta.
Ismail, Noor H (Produser) 2016, film Jihad Selfie, Prasasti Production,
Jakarta. Film ini juga disajikan dalam bentuk komik. Ismail NH &
Wahyudi B 2018, Jihad Selfie, Penerbit Noura, Jakarta.
Marks, M 2013, “Youth Politics and Tunisian Salafism: Understanding
the Jihadi Current”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 18 No. 1, h.104-111.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2013.764657 diakses pada 6
Agustus 2020.
Merone, F & Cavatorta, F 2012, Salafist mouvance and sheikh-ism in
the Tunisian democratic transition, Dublin City University, Dublin,
http://doras.dcu.ie/17570/1/1207.pdf diakses pada 9 Desember
Migrant CARE 2018, Pemantauan Media Massa dan Sosial Media
Terhadap Aktivisme Pekerja Migran Yang Mengarah Pada Radikalisme/
Ekstremisme, Unpublished Report, Jakarta.
Mullins, S 2019, Jihadist Infiltration of Migrant Flow to Europe:
Prepetrators, Modus Operandi and Policy Implications, Palgrave
MacMillan.
Solahudin 2011, NII Sampai JI; Salafy Jihadisme di Indonesia,
Komunitas Bambu, Depok.
Standing, G 2014, The Precariat, The New Dangerous Class,
Bloomsbury.
Susanti, AE (Sutradara) 2009, film dokumenter Mengusahakan
Cinta, Kalyana Shira Film, Jakarta.
Taskarina, L 2018, Perempuan dan Terorisme - Kisah Perempuan
dalam Kejahatan Terorisme, terjemahan Ahmad Nurcholis, Elex
Media Komputindo, Jakarta.
European Commission 2008, “Radicalisation, recruitment and
the EU-counter radicalisation strategy”, European Commission
Sixth Framework programme Transnational Terrorism, Security
and the Rule of Law, diakses pada 8 Desember 2019, http://www.
transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/WP4%20Del%207.
pdf.